Archives for February 2018

Wonderful Words Wednesday: Happy Dord Day!

28 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

It’s Wonderful Words Wednesday at the River Houses! On this day in 1939, an editor working on the third edition of Webster’s New International Dictionary was examining the second edition (1934) to see what entries should be updated. He came across the word “dord,” a synonym (according to the dictionary) for the word “density” as used in physics and chemistry. The word had no associated etymology, so the editor decided to investigate.

[Definition of 'dord'] — The definition of ‘dord’ as it appeared in Websters New International Dictionary (1934).

Upon investigation, it turned out (amusingly and embarrassingly) that there is no such word as “dord,” even though it appeared in the big Webster’s New International Dictionary. A specialist working on the previous edition had submitted a request to have the letters “D” and “d” added as abbreviations for “density,” but the request slip was written “D or d”—and through a series of minor editorial missteps, this became “Dord” and it was added the dictionary as a word meaning “density.”

In later editions, after it had been spotted, the error was removed, leaving the dictionary more accurate, but less entertaining.

A little lesson for your homeschool students: dictionaries are compiled by people just like you and me, and even though they try very hard to be accurate, sometimes they make mistakes just like we do.

What wonderful words have you found and what literary discoveries have you made in your homeschool lately? 😊

❡ Explore more: The delightful Fun With Words website (fun-with-words.com) has the full story of “dord,” along with a lot of other wild and wonderful words to explore.

Learning the Library: Primary Sources at the Library of Congress

27 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Tuesday is Books & Libraries Day at the River Houses. This week: helping students learn the value of primary sources in research.

The Library of Congress has some excellent teaching tips and educational resources available on its website — all of them suitable for homeschoolers — and this week they are featuring a Civil War memoir as an example of a primary research source. If you have students working at the high school level, this is an excellent topic to cover with them.

The featured memoir was written by Mary Ann Ball Bickerdyke, a Civil War nurse working with the Union Army:

📖 MANUSCRIPT CIVIL WAR MEMOIR of Union nurse Mary Ann Bickerdyke, from the Library of Congress (blogs.loc.gov)

You can read about the memoir’s context, and view the entire scanned document in high resolution, at that link.

{Manuscript Civill War memoir] — Manuscript Civil War memoir, Mary Ann Bickerdyke Papers, Library of Congress. (Image: Library of Congress.)

The Library emphasizes the educational value of primary sources of this kind to all students who are learning about history — a good lesson for homeschoolers:

Primary sources such as these letters and diaries offer rich insights into the lives of real people. The fragmented, personal nature of these sources requires careful reading in context and comparison across multiple accounts to glean information and construct understanding. To deepen their understanding of the complex range of experiences and events, students might:

⬩ Explore other pages of Bickerdyke’s memoir and correspondence;

⬩ Examine Civil War nurse, and founder of the American Red Cross, Clara Barton’s accounts of her struggle with her own sense of propriety in caring for the wounded;

⬩ Investigate the story behind the song “Be My Mother Till I Die.” They might research to find evidence to determine whether the accompanying story was based on an actual incident. Whether or not the story is factual, they might discuss the appeal of spreading the imagery in popular culture of the time. (blogs.loc.gov)

Spend a few homeschool minutes this week examining these primary sources with your students and talking about the difference between primary sources, such as the Bickerdyke memoir, and secondary sources, which represent the summarized, narrated, interpreted views of later historians.

What educational discoveries have you made at your library lately?

❡ Books in the running brooks: The sidebar on the River Houses website (riverhouses.org) has links to several important online library collections that we like to explore. The WorldCat Library Finder (worldcat.org/libraries) will help you find all the libraries in your local area, and the WorldCat catalog itself (worldcat.org) will help you locate the nearest copy of almost any book in the world. 😊

Monday Museum: The Henry Ford Museum

26 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Monday is Museums & Monuments Day at the River Houses: spend a few homeschool minutes exploring a notable cultural or historical site somewhere in the world and broaden your homeschool horizons. You don’t have to be exhaustive: just look up its location your atlas (riverhouses.org/books), learn a new name or a new date, and your little lesson is done. Over the course of the year, almost without realizing it, you and your students will absorb a wealth of new cultural, historical, and geographical information.

This week’s state-of-the-week is Michigan — the historic automobile manufacturing capital of America — so we’re going to pay a virtual visit to the Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation in Dearborn, Michigan. Here’s the Ford Museum’s own website, with visitor information, online exhibitions, and more:

🏛 THE HENRY FORD MUSEUM of American Innovation (thehenryford.org)

The Ford Museum is part of a much larger indoor and outdoor museum complex, known simply as “The Henry Ford,” that includes Greenfield Village (an extensive outdoor living history museum) and the Ford Rouge Factory (a working automobile factory). The Ford Museum itself includes a vast array of exhibits on technology and manufacturing, agriculture, historic inventions, American history, and of course, automobiles.

[Ford Model T] — A Ford Model T on the grounds of “The Henry Ford” museum complex in Dearborn, Michigan. (Image: Wikimedia Commons.)

In the years since it opened in 1933, the Ford Museum has acquired many important items that illustrate America’s history of innovation, including Thomas Edison’s laboratory, the Wright Brothers’ bicycle shop where their first “flying machine” was designed, and more. It’s one of the largest and most-visited museum complexes in the United States. Spend a few homeschool minutes exploring the Henry Ford Museum online with your students this week, and maybe planning an in-person visit for the future.

What museum or historical monument have you visited with your homeschool students lately?

❡ Explore more: Your River Houses history encyclopedia (riverhouses.org/books) has a feature on the “Shrinking World” that has come about through increasing ease of travel (pages 486–487), and it includes a box on Henry Ford and his role in the mass production of automobiles in the early twentieth century — it’s just the thing to get a wonderful homeschool conversation started.

Sunday States: Michigan, Lithuania, Madagascar, and More

25 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Tour the United States and travel the countries of the world each week with the River Houses. Our Sunday States & Countries posts will point the way.

Many homeschoolers like to review the U.S. states and the nations of the world each year, and your recommended River Houses reference library (riverhouses.org/books) includes a current world almanac, a world atlas, and a history encyclopedia that make these reviews fun and easy. We go through the states in the traditional order of admission to the Union (almanac page 422), so this week’s state is:

🇺🇸
Seal of Michigan
MICHIGAN (the 26th state, 26 January 1837) — The Great Lakes State, the Wolverine State. Capital: Lansing. Michigan appears on pages 575–576 in your almanac, and on plates 41 and 142 in your atlas. Name origin: “From Chippewa mici gama, meaning ‘great water,’ after lake of the same name” (almanac page 423, in telegraphic style). State bird: American Robin. Website: www.michigan.gov.

❡ Little lessons: You can teach a hundred little lessons with the state-of-the-week, using your reference library (riverhouses.org/books) as a starting point. Find the location of the state capital in your atlas. Look up the state bird in your bird guide. Read the almanac’s one-paragraph history aloud each week. Using each state’s official website (above), find and copy the preamble to that state’s constitution into a commonplace book over the course of the year. Practice math skills by graphing each state’s population and area. Look up the famous state residents listed in your almanac either online or at your local library. The possibilities are endless and they can be easily adapted to each student’s age and interests. Pick a simple pattern to follow for a few minutes each week, and by the end of the year, without even realizing it, your students will have absorbed a world of new geographical and historical information.

❡ Explore more: If you’re planning a comprehensive unit study of one or more the U.S. states, be sure to investigate the excellent State Resource Guides available from the Library of Congress (www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states). These guides list a wide range of materials on all the U.S. states and territories, and the bibliographies accompanying each guide include a special selection of items for younger readers.

This week’s countries, with their official websites, are:

🇱🇹 LITHUANIA in Eastern Europe. Population: 2,823,859. Capital: Vilnius. Website (in Lithuanian): lrvk.lrv.lt.
🇱🇺 LUXEMBOURG in Western Europe. Population: 594,130. Capital: Luxembourg. Website (in French, German, English, and Luxembourgish): www.gouvernement.lu.
🇲🇰 MACEDONIA in southeastern Europe. Population: 2,103,721. Capital: Skopje. Website (in Macedonian): www.vlada.mk.
🇲🇬 MADAGASCAR in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa. Population: 25,054,161. Capital: Antananarivo. Website (in French, English, and Malagasy): www.primature.gov.mg.

These all appear in your current almanac, atlas, and history encyclopedia as well. For example, you’ll find the main entries for the Indian Ocean country of Madagascar on almanac page 801, atlas plates 135 and 100 (where you can practice reading insets on a map), and history encyclopedia page 567, with illustrations, flags, and other mentions available through the indexes in each volume.

❡ Read and think critically: The country links above go to official websites, which are not always in English and which may well be propagandistic in one form or another, thus offering older students a good opportunity to practice their critical reading and thinking skills.

What geographical discoveries have you made in your homeschool lately? 😊

Quick Freshes for Homeschool Families – Week of 25 February 2018

25 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

QUICK FRESHES are our regular Sunday notes on the homeschool week ahead. Pick one or two (or more!) of the items below and use them to enrich your homeschooling schedule!

🇺🇸 OUR STATE-OF-THE-WEEK is Michigan, and our COUNTRIES are Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, and Madagascar. (Our separate Sunday States & Countries post will be up shortly.)

❡ Little lessons: “Did you know that the tiny European nation of Luxembourg isn’t really a ‘state’ or a ‘republic’ or a ‘kingdom,’ but is actually a Grand Duchy headed by a Grand Duke?” You can find a facts-and-figures outline of Luxembourg on page 800 in your River Houses almanac and on plate 135 in your River Houses atlas, with a map of the country (look close!) on atlas plate 63 (riverhouses.org/books).

🌔 THE MOON at the beginning of this week is waxing gibbous — a relatively good time for moonwatching but an increasingly poor time for stargazing as the moon approaches full (on 1 March). Track the moon’s phases each month at timeanddate.com/moon/phases, and dial up this week’s constellations with your River Houses star atlas (riverhouses.org/books).

🗓 TODAY (Sunday, 25 February) — Today is the 56th day of 2018; there are 309 days remaining in the year. Learn more about different kinds of modern and historical calendars on pages 351–357 in your River Houses almanac (riverhouses.org/books). ⬩ Today is also the birthday of the great French painter and sculptor Pierre-Auguste Renoir, born 25 February 1841. ⬩ On this day in 1870, Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, was sworn in as the country’s first African American senator.

Monday (26 February) — Monday is Museums & Monuments Day at the River Houses. Since Michigan is our state-of-the-week, we’re going to pay a virtual visit to the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. ⬩ Monday is also the birthday of German-American dry goods manufacturer Levi Strauss, born 26 February 1829, whose name is now synonymous with one of most popular articles of clothing in the world.

Tuesday (27 February) — Join us for Tuesday Tea at the Library and some notes on books, libraries, and history.

Wednesday (28 February) — Wednesday is Wonderful Words Day at the River Houses. This week, a mystery: do you know what “dord” is?

Thursday (1 March) — Thursday is the birthday of the great Polish composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin, born 1 March 1810. ⬩ It’s also the birthday of the great American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, born 1 March 1848.

Friday (2 March) — Since this is the first Friday of the month, our regular Friday Field & Nature Notes will preview the astronomical events your homeschool students can be on the lookout for over the next few weeks.

Saturday (3 March) — Saturday is Arts & Music Day at the River Houses. In honor of Chopin’s birthday on Thursday, we’ll spend a few minutes listening to some of his most famous piano works.

🥂 YOUR WEEKLY TOAST: “May the shadows of evening calm the excitement of the day.”

❡ Toasts are a fun tradition for your family table. We offer one each week — you can take it up, or make up one of your own (“To North American dinosaurs!”), or invite a different person to come up with one for each meal (“To variety in toasting!”). Our current examples are adapted from two old collections: Marchant’s “Toasts and sentiments” (1888) and the anonymous Social and Convivial Toast-Master (1841). What will you toast this week?

🌎 EVERYTHING FLOWS: Madagascar is one of our countries-of-the-week, so our Weekly World River is the Ikopa River, which flows through Madagascar’s capital city of Antananarivo. You can chart its course in your River Houses atlas (riverhouses.org/books), and you can read more about it in the Ikopa River entry in Wikipedia or perhaps at your local library the next time you visit.

[Ikopa River, Madagascar] — Historical photo of the Ikopa River in Madagascar, with traditional canoes. (Image: Wikimedia Commons.)

❡ Let the river run: Why not do a homeschool study of world rivers over the course of the year? Take the one we select each week (above), or start with the river lists in your almanac (pages 691–692), and make it a project to look them all up in your atlas, or in a handy encyclopedia either online or on a weekly visit to your local library. A whole world of geographical learning awaits you.

What do you have planned for the homeschool week ahead?

Saturday Arts: Happy Birthday to Winslow Homer (1836–1910)

24 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Saturday is Arts & Music Day at the River Houses. This week, take a few homeschool minutes to learn about the great American painter Winslow Homer, born in Boston on 24 February 1836.

Largely self-taught as an artist, Winslow Homer began his career as a young man in commercial illustration. As his skills developed he turned to oil and watercolor painting and went on to become one of the most prominent American painters of the nineteenth century. Best remembered for his seascapes and his depictions of rural life, he created a style and an aesthetic that we still think of as distinctly American.

The National Gallery of Art in Washington — part of the Smithsonian Institution — has a wonderful educational site on Winslow Homer and his work, with images of a great many of his paintings and drawings. If you have a serious homeschool art student (or if you’re one yourself) you won’t want to miss it:

🎨 WINSLOW HOMER at the National Gallery of Art (nga.gov)

In brief:

From the late 1850s until his death in 1910, Winslow Homer produced a body of work distinguished by its thoughtful expression and its independence from artistic conventions. A man of multiple talents, Homer excelled equally in the arts of illustration, oil painting, and watercolor. Many of his works — depictions of children at play and in school, farm girls attending to their work, hunters and their prey — have become classic images of 19th-century American life. Others speak to more universal themes such as the primal relationship of man to nature. (nga.gov)

Take a few minutes to share Winslow Homer’s beautiful paintings with your homeschool students this week, and perhaps inspire them to become ever better artists themselves.

What artistic discoveries have you made in your homeschool lately?

Nature Notes: Last Week’s Great Backyard Bird Count

23 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Last weekend (16–19 February) was the weekend of the Great Backyard Bird Count (birdcount.org), a worldwide event sponsored by Cornell University and other organizations. The overall results are starting to be assembled, and they are impressive. At the half-way point in the data tabulation more than 80,000 individual bird checklists had been submitted, reporting observations of more than 5000 bird species around the world. “Ranked by number of species, India is outstripping everyone else with 730 species. Brazil follows with 707 species, then Colombia with 676, Mexico has 659, and the United States is next with 617 species” (gbbc.birdcount.org).

One notable observation is that this has been a good Snowy Owl year for observers in the northern United States and even further south. Snowy Owls are an irruptive species, and their winter distribution is affected by the annual population of voles — their main prey — in far northern regions. In years when the vole population is low, Snowy Owls move further south in the winter, and this appears to be just such a year.

One stray owl even appeared on top of a government building in Washington, D.C., well to the south of its usual winter range.

[Snowy Owl on rooftop] — Snowy Owl in Washington, D.C., well south of its usual range, during the 2018 Great Backyard Bird Count. (Image: Nick Lund via gbbc.birdcount.org.)

One of our long-term goals for the River Houses network is to have a collection of educational group projects that members can work on together, wherever they may be across the country. As time goes on, we hope that the Great Backyard Bird Count will become one of those projects.

What nature notes have you taken in your homeschool lately?

General Washington’s Wonderful Words

21 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

It’s Wonderful Words Wednesday at the River Houses. Tomorrow is George Washington’s birthday, so take a few homeschool minutes this week and read (aloud if you can) a few lines from one of Washington’s most famous — and most critical and consequential — addresses.

The scene was the army encampment in Newburgh, New York, on 15 March 1783. The Revolution had ended — Cornwallis had surrendered at Yorktown almost a year and a half before — but the army had not yet been disbanded because the final peace treaty with Britain had not yet been signed, and most significantly, the army had not yet been paid.

[Washington's headquarters, Newburgh, New York] — Washington’s headquarters at Newburgh, New York. (Image: MountVernon.org.)

Armies are by nature dangerous, and armies that have fought and sacrificed and then haven’t been paid for their service are especially dangerous. At Newburgh in March 1783, Washington faced an incipient mutiny, with thinly veiled anonymous threats circulating among the officer corps suggesting that a military takeover of the Congress might be necessary.

George Washington put down the uprising, not with force, but with words. His “Newburgh Address” of 15 March 1783 is a critical document of the Revolutionary period, and it may well have saved the young republic from descending into military dictatorship.

If you have a homeschool history student, or a student interested in rhetoric and public speaking, spend some time this Washington’s Birthday week reading the full text of the Newburgh Address:

Here are some brief excerpts from the opening and the conclusion:

Gentlemen,

By an anonymous summons, an attempt has been made to convene you together — how inconsistent with the rules of propriety! how unmilitary! and how subversive of all order and discipline — let the good sense of the Army decide.

In the moment of this summons, another anonymous production was sent into circulation, addressed more to the feelings & passions, than to the reason & judgment of the Army…. That the Address is drawn with great art, and is designed to answer the most insidious purposes; That it is calculated to impress the Mind, with an idea of premeditated injustice in the Sovereign power of the United States, and rouse all those resentments which must unavoidably flow from such a belief; That the secret Mover of this Scheme (whoever he may be) intended to take advantage of the passions, while they were warmed by the recollection of past distresses, without giving time for cool, deliberative thinking, & that composure of Mind which is so necessary to give dignity & stability to measures, is rendered too obvious, by the mode of conducting the business….

For myself … [I will] declare, in this public & solemn manner, that, in the attainment of compleat justice for all your toils & dangers, and in the gratification of every wish, so far as may be done consistently with the great duty I owe my Country, and those powers we are bound to respect, you may freely command my services to the utmost of my abilities.

While I give you these assurances, and pledge my self in the most unequivocal manner, to exert whatever ability I am possesed of, in your favor — let me entreat you, Gentlemen, on your part, not to take any measures, which, viewed in the calm light of reason, will lessen the dignity, & sully the glory you have hitherto maintained….

By thus determining — & thus acting, you will pursue the plain & direct Road to the attainment of your wishes. You will defeat the insidious designs of our Enemies, who are compelled to resort from open force to secret Artifice. You will give one more distinguished proof of unexampled patriotism & patient virtue, rising superior to the pressure of the most complicated sufferings; And you will, by the dignity of your Conduct, afford occasion for Posterity to say, when speaking of the glorious example you have exhibited to man kind, “had this day been wanting, the World had never seen the last stage of perfection to which human nature is capable of attaining.”

What wonderful words have you found and what literary discoveries have you made in your homeschool lately?

Library Tuesday: Copernicus and His Revolutions

19 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

It’s Tuesday Tea at the Library! We live in a truly fortunate age, when a young student can sit at home and examine up close some of the rarest and most important books in history — books that a few years ago would have been accessible only to scholars in the world’s largest libraries.

Monday of this week was the birthday of the great Polish scholar and scientist Nicholas Copernicus (1473–1543), and today on our virtual library visit we’re going to look at an exceptionally fine copy of Copernicus’ most famous book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), first published in 1543 in Nuremberg, in what is now Germany. “De Rev” (as history of science geeks call it) is one of the most important books ever published because it laid out a comprehensive sun-centered or heliocentric picture of the solar system, to replace the earlier earth-centered or geocentric picture.

Fewer than 300 copies of the original 1543 first edition of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium survive today. This copy been scanned and made available by RareBookRoom.org, a wonderful site that provides online access to a selection of the most important books ever written. The scans are very high resolution, so all the pages can be examined one by one in great detail, right down to old handwritten notes in the margins, and to the texture of the paper as the metal type pressed into it. Spend a few homeschool minutes today exploring this treasured work from the history of science:

📖 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543), from the Warnock Library (rarerookroom.org)

The text is in Latin — the language of all scientific books written at that time — and the printing is exceptionally beautiful. Zoom in on a few pages using the +/- scale at the top to get a full appreciation for this great work, not only of science, but of the printer’s art as well. (You’ll probably have to be working on a computer screen rather than a phone to do this.)

[Copernicus' heliocentric system] — The heliocentric model of Copernicus, from De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. (Image: Wikimedia Commons.)

If you have some serious science students in your homeschool, introduce them this week to Nicolaus Copernicus and how he changed our understanding of the world.

What educational discoveries have you made at your library lately?

❡ Explore more: For a quick review of the Renaissance, the historical period in which Copernicus lived, turn to pages 250–253 in your River Houses history encyclopedia (riverhouses.org/books), and for an overview of the Scientific Revolution that he helped to spark see pages 266–267.

❡ Books in the running brooks: The sidebar on the River Houses website (riverhouses.org) has links to several important online library collections that we like to explore. The WorldCat Library Finder will help you find all the libraries in your local area, and WorldCat itself (worldcat.org) will help you locate the nearest copy of any book you desire (well, almost any book). 😊

Copernicus’ Birthday! (And His Museum in Poland)

19 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Monday is Museums & Monuments Day at the River Houses: spend a few minutes exploring an important cultural or historical site online and broaden your homeschool horizons. Don’t worry about being comprehensive: just find its location your atlas (riverhouses.org/books), learn a new name, a new date, or a new word or two, and your little lesson is done. Over the course of the year, almost without realizing it, your students will absorb a wealth of new cultural, historical, and geographical information — and so will you!

Today happens to be the birthday of one of the most famous scientists in history, Nicolaus Copernicus, born 19 February 1473 in Toruń, Poland, so we’re going to pay a virtual visit to the Muzeum Mikołaja Kopernika we Fromborku, that is, the Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork, Poland, where Copernicus lived and did much of his work. The museum itself is a relatively small place on the grounds of Frombork Cathedral. Here’s its website, with photographs, background on Copernicus’ life, and more:

🏛 Nicolaus Copernicus Museum, Frombork, Poland (frombork.art.pl/en)

Copernicus’ great accomplishment was to replace the earth-centered or geocentric model of the solar system, widely accepted since ancient times, with a sun-centered of heliocentric model that has the earth and all the planets orbiting the sun. The museum’s website summarizes:

Nicolas Copernicus is one of the most fascinating personages of the Renaissance. He was principally known for his heliocentric theory, which gave modern views of the structure of the Universe their start. Today, Copernicus’ theory that the Earth is not the center of the Universe but along with all the other planets circles around the Sun is considered to be quite obvious. However, at the time the theory was voiced, it was a revolutionary view and greatly influenced all natural and philosophical sciences.

Tycho Brahe, Galileo, John Kepler, Isaac Newton (who had the newest and the most accurate sky observation instruments) provided new proof of the accuracy of the heliocentric theory’s principles. The final verification and formulation of Copernicus’s theory took place upon Kepler’s introduction of the planet’s elliptical orbits and Newton’s formulation of the basic laws of mechanics and gravity. (frombork.art.pl/en)

(You’ll note, especially if you read any of the museum’s webpages with your students, that the text wasn’t written by a native English speaker — a little lesson in itself for your students to understand. The main body of the museum’s website is in Polish, and the English version should be received charitably and with gratitude. If the website had only been in Polish I wouldn’t have been able to read it at all, and perhaps you wouldn’t either.) 😊

[Copernicus Tower, Frombork] — The Copernicus Tower on the cathedral grounds in Frombork, Poland, where Nicolaus Copernicus lived and worked for many years. (Image: Wikimedia Commons.)

Copernicus was an extraordinary scholar, and astronomy was only one of his favored subjects. He spoke five languages, translated Greek poetry, studied medicine, mathematics, economic theory, and more. And he did this while serving for much of his adult life in Frombork as a canon of the cathedral — a senior church administrative officer who lived on the cathedral grounds:

Despite his many duties, he always found the time of observe the heavens, and to calculate and write down his scientific masterpiece, which described a new view of the world’s structure and ensured its author an important place in science. He conducted research whenever he could find the time and when the weather, which lends to be fickle in Frombork (Frauenburg), permitted. The instruments which he used for his research, he made himself out fir tree wood, based on an antique instrument design. The simplest instrument was the quadrant, used to measure the angle height of the Sun and the Moon above the horizon. For the more exact measurements of height and distance, Copernicus used an instrument called the astrolabe (armillary sphere). He placed all of the instruments on an even and specially leveled tile called the pavimentum in the gardens next to the canonry. (frombork.art.pl/en)

Today on his birthday, remember with your students the life of this great “Renaissance man,” Nicolaus Copernicus.

What museum or historical monument have you visited with your homeschool students lately?

❡ Explore more: Your River Houses history encyclopedia (riverhouses.org/books) has a beautifully illustrated overview of the historical period known as the Renaissance on pages 250–253, including a mention of Copernicus and his significance — just the background you need for a wonderful homeschool history lesson.

Sunday States: Arkansas, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, and More

18 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

Tour the United States and travel the countries of the world each week with the River Houses. Our Sunday States & Countries posts will point the way.

🇺🇸
Seal of Arkansas
ARKANSAS (the 25th state, 15 June 1836) — The Razorback State. Capital: Little Rock. Arkansas appears on pages 565–566 in your almanac, and on plates 40 and 142 in your atlas. Name origin: “Algonquin name for Quapaw Indians, meaning ‘south wind’” (almanac page 423). State bird: Northern Mockingbird. Website: www.arkansas.gov.

❡ Little lessons: You can teach a hundred little lessons with the state-of-the-week, using your reference library (riverhouses.org/books) as a starting point. Find the location of the state capital in your atlas. Look up the state bird in your bird guide. Read the almanac’s one-paragraph history aloud each week. Using each state’s official website (above), find and copy the preamble to that state’s constitution into a commonplace book over the course of the year. Practice math skills by graphing each state’s population and area. Look up the famous state residents listed in your almanac either online or at your local library. The possibilities are endless and they can be easily adapted to each student’s age and interests. Pick a simple pattern to follow each week, and by the end of the year, without even realizing it, your students will have absorbed a world of new geographical and historical information.

This week’s countries, with their official websites, are:

🇱🇸 LESOTHO in southern Africa. Population: 1,958,042. Capital: Maseru. Website (in English): www.gov.ls.
🇱🇷 LIBERIA on the coast of West Africa. Population: 4,689,021. Capital: Monrovia. Website (in English): emansion.gov.lr.
🇱🇾 LIBYA on the coast of North Africa. Population: 6,653,210. Capital: Tripoli. Website (in Arabic): pm.gov.ly.
🇱🇮 LIECHTENSTEIN in the Alps of Central Europe. Population: 38,244. Capital: Vaduz. Website (in German): www.liechtenstein.li.

These all appear in your current almanac, atlas, and history encyclopedia as well. For example, you’ll find the main entries for the tiny nation of Liechtenstein on almanac pages 799–800, atlas plates 69 and 135, and history encyclopedia page 530, with illustrations, flags, and other mentions available through the indexes in each volume.

What geographical discoveries have you made in your homeschool lately?

Quick Freshes for Homeschool Families – Week of 18 February 2018

18 February 2018 by Bob O'Hara

QUICK FRESHES are our regular Sunday notes on the homeschool week ahead. Pick one or two (or more!) of the items below and use them to enrich your homeschooling schedule!

🇺🇸 OUR STATE-OF-THE-WEEK is Arkansas, and our COUNTRIES are Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, and Liechtenstein. (Our separate Sunday States & Countries post will be up shortly.)

❡ Little lessons: “Did you know that the tiny European nation of Liechtenstein has a population of only 38,000?” You can find a facts-and-figures outline of Liechtenstein on page 796 in your River Houses almanac and on plate 135 in your River Houses atlas, with a map of the country (look close!) on atlas plate 69 (riverhouses.org/books).

🌒 THE MOON at the beginning of this week is a waxing crescent — a good time for stargazing! Track the moon’s phases each month at timeanddate.com/moon/phases, and dial up this week’s constellations with your River Houses star atlas (riverhouses.org/books).

🗓 TODAY (Sunday, 18 February) — Today is the 49th day of 2018; there are 316 days remaining in the year. Learn more about different kinds of modern and historical calendars on pages 351–357 in your almanac. ⬩ The Great Backyard Bird Count is underway! Read more at our GBBC post from last week. ⬩ Today is also the birthday of the great American stained glass artist Louis Comfort Tiffany, born 18 February 1848.

Monday (19 February) — Monday is Museums & Monuments Day: take a few minutes to explore a new place and broaden your homeschool horizons. This Monday happens to be the birthday of one of the most famous scientists in history, Nicolaus Copernicus, born 19 February 1473, so we’ll pay a visit to the Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in his home town of Frombork, Poland.

Tuesday (20 February) — Join us for Tuesday Tea at the Library and some notes on books, libraries, and history. This week, in honor of Copernicus’ birthday, we’ll take an educational look at one of the most famous books ever published: De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) (1543).

Wednesday (21 February) — Wednesday is Wonderful Words Day at the River Houses. Since tomorrow is George Washington’s birthday, we’ll spend a few homeschool minutes today reading from one of Washington’s most famous addresses. ⬩ We’ll also mark a sad anniversary: on this day in 1918 the last Carolina Parakeet died in captivity in the Cincinnati Zoo.

Thursday (22 February) — Today is George Washington’s birthday! (His real birthday, not the phony made-up “Presidents Day” holiday.) 😊 It’s also the birthday of the American poet James Russell Lowell, born 22 February 1819.

Friday (23 February) — Our regular Friday Field & Nature Notes will take a look back at the last weekend’s Great Backyard Bird Count. ⬩ This Friday is also the traditionally recognized publication date of the Gutenberg Bible in 1455, the first Western book printed with movable type.

Saturday (24 February) — Saturday is Music & Arts Day at the River Houses. Spend a few homeschool minutes today learning about the great American painter Winslow Homer, born 24 February 1836.

🥂 YOUR WEEKLY TOAST: “May our happiness never be dependent upon place or pocket.”

🌎 EVERYTHING FLOWS: Liechtenstein is one of our countries-of-the-week, so our Weekly World River is one of the great rivers of Europe, the Rhine, which forms the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. You can chart the Rhine’s course in your River Houses atlas (riverhouses.org/books), and you can read much more about it in the comprehensive Rhine entry in Wikipedia (or perhaps at your local library the next time you visit).

[Alpine Rhine, Liechtenstein] — An alpine valley of the Rhine River near the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. (Image: Wikimedia Commons.)

What do you have planned for the homeschool week ahead?

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